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THE FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS: MONTHLY CYCLES

Turning now to a more detailed consideration of the internal organs, we may note first that the ovaries, like the testicles in the male, have a double function: (1) to produce ova or egg cells, and (2) to produce internal secretions, which not only cause the secondary female characteristics to appear (narrow shoulders, well-developed breasts, higher pitch of voice, etc.), but also help bring about all the bodily changes necessary to make childbirth possible.

The human female organism prepares once every lunar month (twenty-eight days) to perform its biological function of reproduction. This cycle consists of: (1) ovulation, or the ripening of an ovum in either ovary and its descent along the Fallopian tube into the uterus; (2) the proliferation or development of membranes in the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum and provide a nest for it, so to speak, where it will be nourished until it has become a fully developed child, ready to be born; and (3) menstruation, or the breaking down of these tissues when the ovum is not fertilized and there is consequently no function to be performed by the surplus membranes of the uterus.

Since most of these monthly cycles occur when the preparations for childbirth have not been utilized, menstruation is a regular feature in woman's life from puberty, or the beginning of ovulation, until the menopause, or the time in middle age when this process ceases. Menstruation, sometimes referred to as the menses or the period, or popularly as "monthlies," appears as the discharge of blood and mucus which results from the destruction of cells in the lining of the uterus. It naturally is not expected to occur if conception has taken place and there is a fertilized ovum which provides work for the developing membranes of the uterus, so that they do not disintegrate. Hence the failure to menstruate is usually a sign of pregnancy, although there are rare cases in which menstruation continues even though a child is developing in the uterus. Sometimes, too, for reasons which will be discussed in the next chapter, a woman may miss a period or be delayed in her menses and believe that she is pregnant when she is not. As a general rule, however, menstruation occurs at each of the monthly cycles of a woman's mature life, with the exception of the times when she is pregnant. After childbirth the menses are resumed within a month or two in the case of about half of all women. In the other half this takes place after the period of lactation (the time during which the child is fed at the breast).

The monthly cycle of twenty-eight days must not be regarded as invariably the same. The cycle for some women is several days less, for some several days more. Occasionally women are found to menstruate every three weeks or every five weeks. Also, some women are very regular in their periods while others are quite irregular. Women differ, too, in the length and extent of menstruation. The discharge usually lasts from three to five days. The loss of blood is usually greatest on the first two days. The quantity of blood lost is much less than is commonly believed, being between 1 and 1% ounces. The mucus and blood combined normally amount to between 2 and 3 ounces.

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SEXUALITY DEFINED: PAGAN-POLYTHEISTIC INFLUENCES - ROMAN SEXUALITY
Although there is reasonable agreement among most authorities regarding the characteristics of Greek sexuality, Roman customs and values are a matter of considerable debate. Conventional wisdom holds that the Roman society was as sexually promiscuous as the Greek; and it is popularly believed that the collapse of the Roman Empire was due, in no small part, to the sexual excesses of its citizens (Canter, 1963). These views have been challenged, however, on the grounds that the sexual excesses of Roman society have been greatly exaggerated and that the accounts of these events are biased and inaccurate (Bullough, 1976). Whatever the actual case, certainly Roman culture was more complicated and multidimensional than Greek society. The Roman Empire endured for a relatively long period of time; and, whereas the Greeks retained their beliefs and customs, Roman culture changed in the light of the changing empire and in the face of continuous exposure to other cultures.
The Romans, of course, shared the polytheistic religion of the Greeks, as well as the sexuality of their deities. Thus, they shared the Grecian religious approval of sex. As Grimal states:
To love was to obey the gods and achieve one of the requisites of the human condition. Chastity could be required by religious rites in certain cases, but it was not a good thing in itself; not even a desirable thing; it was rather an impairment of what was good and desirable for among the gifts of the gods to man, love is always to be found. [Grimal, 1967, p. xiii]
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Men's Health-Erectile Dysfunction

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